Group Post Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gathering Post - Research Paper Example s not just about English being the first or the second language of the representatives of an organization, clients partner generalizations and think little of the outside employees’ capacity to comprehend their way of life, and in this way just need administration from their nearby workers. Client fabricate their view of a company’s corporate social obligation dependent on â€Å"all the data about an organization that an individual holds† (Brown and Dacin, 1997, p. 69). Drop in the quantity of American understudies that review Information Technology is a stunning truth and a solid purpose behind organizations to quit redistributing. This shows how harmful redistributing is for our general public over the long haul. I truly question that re-appropriating assumes a job in expanding the nature of work. With re-appropriating, bosses have least authority over the products’ quality since everything is being made abroad. Particularly, when we talk about quality control, it implies significantly more than simply meeting the details to incorporate the degree of creation and advancement, and uniqueness in each thing. It is so difficult to keep all workers on one stage in redistributing that such viewpoints are regularly disregarded. To state that the ability businesses get past redistributing isn't accessible in the neighborhood advertise is underestimation of American nearby specialists. Had remote alumni been progressively competent, a great many understudies would be going from America to those nations for concentrating each year as opposed to the next path round. Redistributing is a principal purpose behind joblessness in America (Converse et al., n.d.). It can't be said with most extreme guar antee that the re-appropriating organization would consistently keep up upper hand. Nowadays, when economy has gotten extremely unpredictable and the estimation of money is quickly changing in various nations, if the estimation of cash of the outside nation begins putting on weight, the chance of re-appropriating may in the long run end up being a hazard. While that is the meaning of re-appropriating, this definition isn't

Were the founding fathers blatantly sexist and misogynist in the foundation period of our republic

Presentation There is a great deal of dread on the essential job of decisions and the benefits and bad marks of the political framework and development in the United States. We will perceive how the two elements have seriously changed the manner in which American governmental issues are completed. Most Americans see equivalent political chances and rights to practice their majority rule government as the goals which America should grasp most.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Were the establishing fathers explicitly chauvinist and sexist in the establishment time of our republic? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, a similar vote based system that America is by all accounts elevating somewhere else keeps on being subverted by a similar government on American soil (Roskin, et al, 36). In our unique situation, we will attempt to make sense of whether America’s establishing fathers were to be sure chauvinists or sexists in the establishment time frame. We likewise take a gander at the new majority rules system in the United States, federalism, power division, and neighborhood government. Vote based system in the United States Majority of customary American residents see the United States as a fair country essentially as a result of the recognition by untouchables about the great condition of vote based system in the country. This isn't the genuine case as per investigators in the political issues of the United States. Genuine majority rule government in America is felt by people with great influence and the first class. The regular resident lives without a considerable amount of the benefits (Tausch and Prager, 46). It is clear that American residents are not treated similarly. It brings up the issue of whether America’s establishing fathers really establish the framework of this sort. This circumstance keeps on constraining the country’s accomplishment of genuine freedom and uniformity amon g its residents. It is obvious through the ages that the fore dads to be sure affected enormously in the issues that America is having right now (Morris and Bertram, 25).One will understand that in previous ages, various exercises emerged among the various societies that were subverted. This saw the ascent of any semblance of Martin Luther King Jr. who kicked the bucket battling for the rights and equity for every single American individuals. We see from history that ladies kept on being seen as second rate and were really denied a few benefits like being in the military in the recognition that they couldn't deal with the weight. This vouches for the way that the establishing fathers were in fact chauvinists and misanthropes in their methodologies in building America. It likewise brings up issues on the honesty of the political arrangement of the United States. Setting up a Constitutional Democracy In request to build up a genuine established vote based system in America, each pione er needs to set out on grasping and practicing the rights that the American Constitution offers by ensuring that each resident appreciates each benefit that the person is entitled to.Advertising Looking for explore paper on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Federalism: Division of Power National, State, and Local Government Federalism in the United States has kept on advancing since the finish of the American common war. There has been a move of intensity with the national government getting more force while certain states stay with less. American Political Culture Americans are so charmed to the recognition that the nation has the best as far as vote based system. The way of life is based on beliefs that are either sacred or ingrained by social standards and morals. This culture has kept on indicating shortcomings in different regions as Americans keep on encountering contrasts in earnings, riches, and access to approach openings. Each American has an obligation in molding the nation towards fairness. Works Cited Morris, P, and Bertram, J. The New American Democracy, New York: Pearson Education Limited, 2005.Print Roskin, M, et al. Political Theory: An Introduction. tenth ed, New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.Print. Tausch, An, and Prager, F. Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development, Basingstoke, MacMillan, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.Print This examination paper on Were the establishing fathers obtrusively chauvinist and misanthrope in the establishment time of our republic? was composed and put together by client Zayden Rivera to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

The eNotes Blog Books On Demand Reinventing the PrintingPress

Books On Demand Reinventing the PrintingPress A weeks ago postâ talked somewhat about the advanced transformation occurring in book distributing. Proceeding on that topic, heres a fascinating disclosure thatin an indirect fashionwould really serve to safeguard the heritage of printed books: Envision having the option to hold a no longer in production, profoundly desired work in your handssay, Lewis Carrolls unique composition for Alice in Wonderland, initially titled Alices Adventures Underground (1886). Finding a physical duplicate would be tedious, one would envision. Positively you couldnt acquire one for, state under $10 in a short time level, isn't that so? Indeed, really, you can†¦ In 2007, distributer Jason Epstein, helped by designer and creator Jeff Marsh, discharged the primary Espresso Book Machine to people in general. A crossover printer and book cover, this machine has the one of a kind capacity to print and tie electronic duplicates efficiently and rapidly. The machine went through its first month in the New York Public Librarys Science, Industry, and Business Library, where people in general was permitted to test the machine by printing free duplicates of open space titles gave by the Open Content Alliance (OCA), a non-benefit association with a database of more than 200,000 titles. Unexpectedly, Epsteins expectation from eight years sooner appeared to be working out: that one day, book shops and libraries could fill in as the finish of the creation line by giving clients moment prints of the books they need. Furthermore, with that, On Demand Booksâ was conceived. Today, the Espresso Book Machine can be found in 53 areas across 11 nations. One store assisting with causing to notice this weighty item is the Harvard Book Store in Cambridge, Massachusetts. There, you can not just acquire that uncommon duplicate of Alices Adventuresâ via the stores EBM, affectionately named Paige M. Gutenborg, yet have it brought to your doorstep by the eco-accommodating bike conveyance administration also (if you live in or around Cambridge, that is). Indeed, it will cost you, as much as $7.10 and four minutes of your time, yet for that you get the chance to hold an extremely uncommon book of distributer quality condition in your grasp, beautiful, warm from the copier, and made only for you. Theres still more to be picked up from this machine. Having 5,000,000 titles, which incorporates free books from the open area, readily available may appear to be boundless, yet add to that the ability to print and tie your own work at one of these machines and its potential truly is without limits. Hopeful writers can print various duplicates of their compositions, expertly bound, in a matter of seconds by any stretch of the imagination. The domain of independently publishing has never been so in the kindness of the creators themselves. Since the print machine was first developed, book dispersion has to a great extent stayed unaltered; a writer composes, the distributer prints, a client purchases. Indeed, even the acquisition of digital books follows the equivalent brought together flexibly chain, however the entrance of purchasing a book whenever, anyplace gives perusers a specific force they never had. Be that as it may, to have the option to arrange a physical duplicate of a book, even one a distributer won't print, is something really exceptional, and an innovation that I trust gets on. Welcome on the upheaval! Discovered some other intriguing developments or developments that are changing the book distributing world? Don't hesitate to share belowwed love to hear your musings.

How to Use Writing Journals

How to Use Writing JournalsIf you are one of those writers who love to write but have no money to buy the tools needed to write on a certain topic, then you are in luck. We here at WPGo give away a lot of free stuff to those writers who like to write about different topics. Some of the very free stuff that we provide include CDs, dictionaries, flash drives, flash cards, laptops, music players, whiteboards, pens, note pads, etc.Some of the free stuff that we offer is not even physical but rather a journal. The journals which we offer to you are not just intended for you to use to start your new project. They are also meant to be used as a regular tool of brainstorming and revision for writers as well.Journals are a wonderful way to begin your journey of writing. They are a great tool for writers to use to start a project or keep track of their progress. You can even record your thoughts or ideas by putting pen to paper. This allows you to write down your thoughts and make notes while you are working on other things in the office.Another thing that you will receive from us at WPGo is a lot of fun stuff that will be useful for you in your writing projects. Since writing is one of our favorite hobbies, we provide you with a lot of mementos that will be perfect for you. You will get pens, pencils, erasers, collages, paperweights, a writing board, post it notes, etc.Now this could all sound pretty wonderful but do you think that they will actually work? Well they do, especially when you know how to use them. You will find out that it's more effective than you think.When you choose WPGo as your source of free stuff, you're going to be given all the tools you need to start your writing career. At the same time, you will have a notebook where you can make notes for your progress, which you can then revise later on.And at the end of the day, you will have yourself a hobby that you can enjoy writing about. It is something that you can think about and you won't regret abou t it later on. So why not give it a try?

Macbeth, By William Shakespeare - 1322 Words

The play Macbeth, written by Shakespeare, is about a courageous Scottish general, who strikes with the prophecies by trio witches and his wife spurs that makes him strive for ambition, which eventually leads to his death. Niccollo Machiavell says â€Å"Ambition is so powerful a passion in the human breast, that however high we reach we are never satisfied.† An ambitious person chooses different ways to become successful, either good or sinister way, but depending on the situation. As life consists of challenges and perseverance, the more ambitious a person is, the more greedy it becomes resulting in significant changes to nature. Macbeth’s ambition to become a king leads him to murder Duncan and it renders changes in his character as revealed by his imagination, attitude towards the murder and by his relationship with his wife. a. The imagination to the murderous act in Macbeth b. Reactions and attitudes towards the murder c. Transitional relationship of a loving partner Macbeth’s ambition to become king by murdering Duncan makes him suffer hallucination.Lady Macbeth pressures Macbeth to become king and provokes Macbeth’s greed and malice. Macbeth follows Lady Macbeth’s plot to kill Duncan but on the way, he has a vision of a dagger floating in the air as he approaches Duncan’s chamber. Macbeth become hesitant, when he sees the dagger and refuses to think the dagger is a real. However, he realizes the dark hour and the silent moment is the best time to do the deed and theShow MoreRelatedMacbeth by William Shakespeare770 Words   |  3 PagesThe play Macbeth is written by William Shakespeare. It is believed to be written between 1603 and 1607 and set in eleventh century Scotland. It is also believed to be first performed in 1606. It is considered to be one of the darkest and most powerful tragedies. Macbeth, set in Scotland, dramatizes the psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen to fulfill the ambi tion of power. The Tragedy of Macbeth is Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy and tells the story of Macbeth, a ScottishRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1425 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Just Can’t Wait To Be King Everyone has a quality that they do not like about themselves. Some people struggle to be social, others may be too controlling of people. The list goes on and on, but the point is that everybody has a particular quality that they must learn to control or else that particular quality can get out of hand. Of course, one could write a list of characters that have major flaws. There is no better example than William Shakespeare’s character, Macbeth, in The TragedyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1409 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air.† On October 17th, I had the pleasure of going to see Macbeth performed at the Shakespeare Tavern. Along with its reputation for being â€Å"cursed,† Macbeth is also known as one of the crown jewels of William Shakespeare’s repertoire. In my opinion, the central concept of this particular retelling of the play was the murkiness of character. Throughout the pla y, the many characters go through fierce temptation and strife, and noneRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1203 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play based on King James I, it was written by William Shakespeare, however this play isn’t a king and queen fairy tale, but it’s a play about greed and guilt, chaos and murder and three evil witches who use prophecies to influence Macbeth to do bad things, using flattery would instigate his inner ambition to become king, which in the end doesn’t lead to a very happy ending. Shakespeare’s, Macbeth, was written in the early Jacobean period. During those times, women had no power, theyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, the author portrays the main character Macbeth as a very tortured and flawed individual whose actions only serve to further unravel him. He is conflicted and power hungry, which drives him to perform evil murders and become a ruthless person. Macbeth’s moral compass is not resilient enough to withstand his wife’s manipulations and he is provoked to act on his malicious thoughts of murder. The author explores the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can haveRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesreaction†. Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a tale which illuminates the consequences of violating the â€Å"Natural order†, the hierarchy of beings in the universe. When Macbeth, a warrior wel l-known for his courage and bravery, murders King Duncan acting on his unchecked ambition to claim the throne, the order was disrupted, the result†¦chaos. Shakespeare uses symbolism to illustrate the atmosphere of the play as the natural order is flung into a state of turmoil. These techniques used by Shakespeare is usedRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1483 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent references in the play of how a king deals with power and if they use it for better or for their own personal gain. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s obsession with his journey to power leads to his failure. This obsession is demonstrated through the prophecies, the murder of his best friend Banquo, and his own demise. Macbeth demonstrates that he is incapable of mastering the power and responsibilities of being a king. This is indicated throughout the play with theRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1045 Words   |  5 PagesBlood appears in only two forms, but many times in Macbeth by William Shakespeare; between the war scene at the beginning of the play and the lifting of Macbeth’s severed being lifted by Macduff at the end. It can be said that Macbeth could have been written in blood that there is such a large amount. What is unique about blood in Macbeth is that the â€Å"imaginary blood† or the guilt that the murderer feels plays more of a role of understand and amplifying the theme of the play, that blood is guiltRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1431 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth, though originally a valiant and prudent soldier, deteriorates into an unwise king whose rash decisions conclusively end in the atrophy of his title, power, and position. Several facto rs contribute to the downfall of Macbeth, which produce a contagion effect and ultimately end with his demise. He receives help from his â€Å"inner ambitions and external urgings† which result in his downfall (Bernad 49). The â€Å"external urgings† consist of the weird sisters who disclose his prophecies, which enlightenRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare2060 Words   |  9 Pagesthe green one red Macbeth Quote (Act II, Sc. II). Out, out, brief candle! Life s but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more: it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. Macbeth Quote (Act V, Scene V). These quotes have been taken from play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare. Like these quotes there are hundreds and thousands of such heart touching quotes written by Shakespeare in his many different

Education Is Against The Law For Kids - 1301 Words

In America it is against the law for kids to not be in some type of schooling system. It doesn’t really matter what school you end up in though, because they will most likely all follow a very similar curriculum that’s taught in a very similar way. For those students that have trouble learning in such environments, there’s not much hope. In â€Å"Learning to Read,† Malcolm X reveals that he must’ve been one of those troubled students. It wasn’t until he went to prison that he learned to read and write. However, from that point on he would blossom into a knowledge hungry man that couldn’t bear to spend a second without his head buried in a book. Without at least learning to read, he may have never discovered why the black man had seemingly disappeared from history, and who might be to blame. His mind had been opened to a world that was previously just out of reach. Mike Rose almost missed out on such an opportunity as well. In â€Å"I Just Wanna Be Average,† he says that he was mistakenly labeled as a slow kid and placed in vocational education. He found those classes meaningless and often lost focus, much like the rest of his friends. All hope, education-wise, had almost been lost until it was discovered that he didn’t quite belong in those classes. It was in the upper level classes that his talents were discovered by a more creative teacher; one that actually succeeded in engaging their students. Both Malcolm X and Rose could have found themselves in hopeless, dead-end situationsShow MoreRelatedSocial Mobility Of Poor Kids Should Depend On College Education1411 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Mobility of Poor Kids Should depend on College Education Andrew Simmons, author of the article â€Å"The Danger of Telling Poor Kids That College is the Key to Social Mobility,† argues that educators have utilized one tool in the toolbox to inspire minority students into believing that their upward social mobility is dependent on four years of college education. These educators only considered the difference in earning power of college graduates versus high school graduates to buttressRead MoreThe Brown v. Board of Education Court Case Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesThe Brown v. Board of Education Court Case served as a highlighted issue in black history. Brown v. Board help different races comes together in public schools. This case became very big 1950s lots of attention was drawn to the case at that time. News reporter and critics had different views and opinions about this case. This case in 1954 causes lots of issues and views towards the black race. The quote â€Å"separate but equal† is vital due to â€Å" Plessy v. Ferguson† and the famous lawyer Thurgood MarshallRead MoreChange in Society with Supreme Court Cases861 Words   |  4 PagesThe Brown v. Board of Education Court Case was a very highlighted issue in black history. Brown v. Board help different races comes together in public schools. This case became very big 1950s lots of attention was drawn to the case at that time. News reporter and critics had different views and opinions about this case. This case in 1954 causes lots of issues and views. The quote â€Å"separate but equal† is vital due to â€Å"Plessy v. Ferguson† and the famous lawyer Thurgood Marshall who argued this caseRead MoreWhy Is It Important to Follow School Rules1494 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood is a totalitarian regime, and schools are the mental concentration camps. Education is described by the mis-educated as real-life preparation; in actuality, schools train people to accept a society where the government and other institutions tell us what to think and do. Experience is the best teacher, and the purpose of school is to prevent experience. If school attendance were voluntary, schools would have to reform themselves to meet students needs, because if students could leaveRead MoreChild Labor in America773 Words   |  4 Pageschild’s workload come from a lack of not receiving the education which is important for their growing years. There are certain laws and policies that was established to control our child labor issue. Aiming to stop child labor. Many people use children for labor work to take advantage of children innocence that the children have. Child labor is used for the employment of children below a certain age, which is considered illegal by law and custom. The ages varies from country to country andRead MoreHunger-Free Kids Act of 2010709 Words   |  3 PagesMatrix Health Care Law Hunger-free Kids Act of 2010 Describe the health care law (75 to 150 words) The Hunger-free kids act is a nutrition program that provides all children with healthy food in school and to low income families. Because of this act schools are playing a larger role in children’s health. Included in this legislation other programs that focus on hunger has come into play such as: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Woman, Infants and Children (WIC), Child and AdultRead MoreThe Violence Of Public Schools871 Words   |  4 Pagesthe lives of our kids are safe? These are the questions parents all over America are asking. A lot of suggestions have been made to the government concerning the issue of mass shootings. Some say government have to ban the purchase of guns, others say there should be background checks, while others say teachers and staff should be armed. It is currently being argued if the government should arm public school officials and faculty. Can we trust armed public school staff with our kids? Can the schoolRead MoreChild Labour in Developing Countries Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesall kids underneath 18 in hazardous occupations or work activities in the work business sector or their own particular family; all youngsters undertaking work in the work business sector or family interfering with their primary education (United Nations); all children under 15 in full time employment; and all children under 13 in part-time jobs. Child labour is characterized not by the action yet by the impact this movement has on the child. In short, the work or exercises attempted by kids oughtRead MoreThe United States Economy Suffers Greatly Due To The Discrimination1705 Words   |  7 PagesMany Americans, especially those from religious backgrounds, are opponents of the LGBT community (Chu). Many LGBT students in high school are bullied and drop out because of all the discrimination. When they drop out they are not able to obtain an education and get a job, which results in these students becoming a burden on society because the government is responsible for providing assistance to them, which is done with tax payer money (Archer). Additionally, adults in the LGBT community often experienceRead MoreDiscrimination : The Comfortable Kid1404 Words   |  6 Pagesby looking at specific examples of microaggressions in higher education, one concludes that microaggressions must be attacked by raising awareness through discussion in academia. Due to the relative newness of microaggressions as a discussion topic in human social affairs the definition can differ when used in different contexts. Hoover defines microaggressions as â€Å"†¦ a subtle conveyance of bias or stereotype...† in â€Å"The Comfortable Kid† (106.) Boysen’s article, â€Å"Teacher and Student Perceptions of

The sun also rises Essay Summary Example For Students

The sun also rises Essay Summary Summary and Analysis of Epigraph and Chapters 1-4The Epigraph: Hemingway prefaces the novel with two quotes, one by Gertrude Stein, painter, poet, and social center of the American expatriates in 1920s Paris, and one by Ecclesiastes from the Bible. Steins quote proclaims that Hemingways is a lost generation. Her title stuck and has since defined the moral, emotional, and physical emptiness of the young post-WWI generation, devastated by war and aimlessly seeking comfort in the superficial, hedonistic atmosphere of the 1920s. The quote from Ecclesiastes compares the permanence of the earth to the transience of men; Hemingway altered the words The sun also riseth' for his novels title. In one sense, the words of Ecclesiastes are an optimistic antidote to Steins pessimism; though Hemingways generation may be lost, soon mankind will find himself again (One generation passeth away, and another generation commeth'). On another level, the quote embraces the rejuvenation nature offers. This promise of natural rejuvenation will play an important role in the novel. Chapter I: The narrator, Jake Barnes, describes Robert Cohn, who was the middleweight boxing champion of Princeton. Cohn took up boxing, though he disliked it, to compensate for the inferiority complex he developed as a Jew at Princeton. Cohns nose was flattened while boxing, and Jake says no one he knows from Cohns class remembers Cohn. From one of New Yorks richest, most prominent Jewish families, Cohn emerged from Princeton with low self-esteem, had an unsuccessful marriage, and lost most of his inheritance. Cohn moved to California and edited and backed an arts magazine until it folded. A woman, Frances, who had been using Cohn for his rising status, moved with him to Paris so he could write a novel. There, Cohn became friends with Braddocks, his literary friend, and Jake, his tennis friend. Frances, wanting to marry Cohn, kept him on a short leash. AnalysisCohns time in Princeton is almost an allegory of a young soldiers going off to war: his early dreams of glory are quickly shattered, his body is physically changed (the flattened nose), and he leaves embittered. He is quickly exploited by two women, the first instance of the theme of manipulative sexuality that Hemingway will explore in greater depth. We are also introduced into a social world of little responsibility Jakes crowd travels and drinks freely, Jake refers to himself as Cohns tennis friend, and money is taken care of by rich relatives (Cohn is given an allowance by his mother). Hemingway also deploys his influential style of spare, unadorned prose to good effect here; in giving a run-down of Cohns character, Jake reveals himself as a quasi-reporter (indeed, he works for the newspaper, though not as a reporter, and Hemingway himself was a former journalist) who does not reveal much about himself. Jake doesnt even tell the reader his name we only find out when another character calls him by his first name or about his job, but lets you in on both his factual and emotional life through others. For instance, Jake is somewhat sympathetic to the abuse and exploitation heaped on Cohn, and we intuit that Jake, too, must harbor similar feelings of inferiority. Though we know little about Jakes relationship with him so far, we will see that Jake is similar in some ways Cohns flattened nose, for instance, foreshadows a less visible impairment Jake has (for Cohn, however, Jake maintains that the flattened nose has improved his appearance). Chapter II: Jake recounts how Cohn left for America, sold his book to a good publisher who praised his efforts, had several affairs, and returned to Paris arrogant and rude. He strove to emulate W.H. Hudsons book, The Purple Land, in which an Englishman has numerous romantic adventures. One day, Cohn interrupts Jake in his newspaper office and proposes that they travel to South America, at Cohns expense. Jake doesnt want to, but Cohn feels his life is slipping by him. Jake invites him to have a drink, since he knows he will be able to get rid of Cohn after one drink. At a caf, Cohn expresses anxiety that their lives are half-over; Jake says he doesnt worry about death. Jake says he has to work, and Cohn joins him and reads the papers. Jake and the editor and publisher work hard and send out news stories. After, Jake wakes Cohn from a nightmare, and the two go to a caf and have a drink. Analysis: With the sense that life is passing him by, Cohn seeks solace in adventure and sex. But Jake mentions that only bull-fighters truly experience life. For a former soldier, this is an odd admission. Ostensibly, Jake admires the bull-fighter because they confront death in their jobs, coming within inches of being gored every time they wave their red cape. Jake, as a soldier, confronted death frequently, too, but he probably would not consider fighting in a war on the same level. What sets the bull-fighters apart, at least in Jakes mind, will develop into an important theme later on in the novel. Hemingway further details the shallow friendships and lack of responsibility in the expatriate circle. Jake gets rid of Cohn after a drink, and in much the same way Cohn wants to leave Paris, believing a new place will cure his boredom. This is the essence of the Lost Generations aimlessness; disillusioned and unsure of their values, they are in a constant state of retreat rather than pursuit. The conventional offerings of life do not satisfy them; work is shown as unimportant newspaper people should never seem to be working and no one seems to care much about family life. All anyone does is drink, an ongoing effort to blind them to reality. We get a sense of where Jakes narrative style comes from newspapers. He is trained in the hard, economical language of journalism, and he has a good eye for detail, real or fictional he says he has a rotten habit of picturing the bedroom scenes of my friends. Chapter III: Jake stays at the caf after Cohn leaves. He watches a girl named Georgette walk past, then eventually catches her eye. They drink pernod together (an imitation of absinthe, which is a highly intoxicating, possibly hallucinogenic liquor) and take a horse-cab through town. When Jake rebuffs Georgettes seduction, she asks if hes sick,' and he says he is. She says shes sick, too, and that he shouldnt drink pernod if hes sick however, it doesnt affect her as a woman. They eat dinner at a restaurant, and Jake explains hes sick because he got hurt in the war. Before they can discuss war, Braddocks calls over to Jake from another table with his wife, Cohn, Frances, and several others. Braddocks invites Jake and Georgette to a dance. Jake accepts. After he and Georgette finish their meal, they join the others for coffee. Mrs. Braddocks and Frances talk to Georgette. The party arrives early at the empty dancing-club. They dance and work up a sweat in the hot room. Jake drinks in the doorway to cool off, and watches a crowd of young men with white hands, wavy hair, white faces enter. The policeman at the door gives Jake a knowing nod. With the young men is Lady Ashley, known to Jake as Brett. The mens flamboyant behavior annoys Jake to the point that he wants to punch them, though he knows he should be tolerant. He leaves and has a beer at a bar down the street, then a cognac both drinks taste bad. When he returns, Jake finds Georgette dancing with the men in turn. Jake sits down with his party and is introduced to Robert Prentiss, a new American novelist. Slightly drunk, Jake gets irritated by Roberts persistent questions about Paris. At the bar with Cohn, Brett talks to Jake. Jake finds her very good-looking, as does Cohn. Jake and Brett trade insults about her friends and his date. Cohn asks her to dance, but she says she has promised her last dance of the evening to Jake. Jake feels happy dancing with her. They decide to leave. Jake puts money in an envelope and gives it to the patronne (head of the club); he says to give it to Georgette if she leaves alone, but to save it for Jake if she leaves with one of the men. Cohn follows Jake and Brett outside, but they say good night to him. There are no taxis, so Jake and Brett silently wait inside a bar as a waiter hails them one. Finally, they get in one, and Brett confesses that shes been so miserable.' Analysis: Jakes sickness that prevents him from accepting Georgettes sexual offerings, and her statement that It doesnt make any difference with a woman,' strongly suggests that Jake is impotent in some form. He never fully reveals his disability it is only strongly hinted at several times throughout the novel but it forms the basis of his pain, and its origin is the war. His impotence stands for the wars symbolic castration of the Lost Generation, especially the men. They felt as if they had lost their manhood in their return to the peacetime world. Jake and Cohn best represent this loss of manhood, but it is applicable not only to the aimlessness of the Lost Generation. Rather, Hemingway explores in greater depth the new sexual relations that sprang up after World War I battered the male psyche. He is interested in the new power women wielded over their emasculated men. Cohn and Jake have little power in their dealings with women; Cohn (until his books success, at least) is whipped and exploited by women, while Jake is literally impotent, without power, and cannot fulfill the typical sexual expectations of a male. The homosexual men who enter the club with Brett threaten Jake, and not only because they are with Brett. Even with their feminine appearance and behavior, their genitalia still functions they still have their manhood, so to speak. To compensate for his feelings of inadequacy, Jake ups the ante on his drinking, imbibing another beer and then a harder cognac. But both taste bad, and Jake cant take the taste out of my mouth; there is no running away from his impotence. Far more threatening to Jake than the homosexual men, and overall the most powerful, independent character in the novel, is Brett. Her traditionally male name is no mistake; she calls herself a chap, has hair brushed back like a boys, and even her womanly curves are given a somewhat masculine connotation: builtlike the hull of a racing yacht (though boats are typically gendered as women, the fact that is a racing, and not luxury, yacht implies Bretts power and independence). She also has the capacity to wound Jake; though we know little about their relationship, she excites a response in him greater than any we have seen so far. We see more evidence of the irresponsible behavior of the Lost Generation. Jake is happy to be drunk since it allows him to be careless and be angry at Robert Prentisss persistent questions, but he is careless while sober, too. He lies and says Georgette is his fiance and gives her the same name as a popular singer, all in an effort to poke fun both at her and at the navet of Mrs. Braddocks, who believes him. Though Jake is a sensitive observer of others and of himself (note the money he leaves for Georgette provided she does not go off with one of the men in the club), he often treats people as objects. Chapter IV: Jake and Brett ride in the taxi through Paris. They kiss, but she pulls away and tells him not to touch her, as she cant stand it'; she tells him she turns to jelly' when he touches her. She says she doesnt want to go through that hell again, but when Jake says theyll have to stay away from each other, she says she needs to see him. Referring to sex, she says that It isnt all that you know,' but Jake says it always gets to be.' Brett blames herself for causing men pain, and believes she is paying for it now; Jake says his condition is supposed to be funny, and that he never thinks about it. She relates how her brothers friend returned from war with the same condition. Jake says its a fun, enjoyable' feeling to be in love, though Brett disagrees. They direct the taxi driver to a caf. Brett finds her friends from the club. One introduces her to Count Mippipopolous (hereafter referred to as the count). Braddocks tells Jake that Georgette got in a fight with the patronnes daughter, and eventually someone took her home. Jake says he has to leave, and makes plans with Brett to see her tomorrow evening. She also tells him she received a letter from Mike today (we do not yet know who this is). Jake walks home, passing a statue of Marshal Ney holding a sword. He gets his mail from the concierge in his flat and goes upstairs. He reflects on how so many people the Count and Lady Ashley, for instance have titles. He curses Brett, thinks about his condition, reads the newspaper, and tries to go to sleep. Instead, he thinks more about his condition, obtained on the Italian front. He thinks about how he wouldnt have had any trouble had he not met Brett when he was shipped to England; he believes she only wanted him because she couldnt have him. He thinks more about Brett and starts crying, then falls asleep. He is woken by voices from outside, and the concierge tells him a woman has come to see him. Brett, drunk, comes upstairs. She says she just came from talking to the count, whom she finds interesting and says is one of us. The count offered her money to go with him to a number of exotic locales, but she kept saying she knew too many people there, so finally he took her to Jakes after she said she was in love with Jake. She says he wants to take them out to dinner tomorrow, and Jake accepts. She invites him to leave with her, as the count is waiting outside in a car, but he declines. They kiss and she leaves. He watches through the window as she gets in a limousine. Jake gets into bed and thinks about Brett some more and feels like hell again.' Analysis: Brett doesnt want to go through with foreplay if it means they will ultimately be sexually stymied by Jakes impotence. She says she turns to jelly when he touches her, but her phrase is indicative of the real problem that Jake is the one who, sexually speaking, is always held at the rigidity of jelly. (Another possible pun comes up when Brett, expressing skepticism about Jakes claim that he doesnt think about his impotence, says Ill lay you dont.') The statue Jake sees is a phallic symbol, with its sword (the penis) coming out of the horse-chestnut leaves (possibly representing testicles and pubic hair), and must mock Jakes impotence every time he passes it. He says that he and the others in the Italian hospital who were rendered impotent were going to form a society. In a sense, the society has already been formed by men everywhere who have been devastated by the war. The other society is the one Brett refers to when she says the Count is one of us.' She includes Jake in this group when describing the counts cosmopolitan, elite demeanor, but Jake is not truly included in her us. Not only does he not have a title or excessive amounts of money as they do (he needs to get up to work in the morning while they can frolic all night), he ultimately feels locked out of the sexual games they can play, even though Brett prefers his company to the counts and claims she loves him. The other way Jake is separate from them is in the intensity of his pain. He cries in this scene and feels miserable each time he thinks about Brett, whereas we have witnessed Brett only talking about how miserable she feels and the hell she has gone through. Jakes revelation at the end, that he can be hard-boiled in the day but has a harder time at night, is one of the more intimate comments we will get from him. His adjective of choice even alludes to the new school of hard-boiled detective fiction that emerged after WWI. Laconic, wounded men, much like Jake, sprang up in American literature as a reaction to postwar emasculation. Jake admits, however, that he cannot maintain their level of stoicism, at least not while alone at night. Summary and Analysis of Chapters 5-9Chapter V: In the morning, Jake goes out for breakfast, observes Paris in the morning, and goes to work. He goes to an insignificant press conference and shares a taxi back with two colleagues. When he returns to work, Cohn is waiting for him. They lunch together. Cohn is having writers block, but he cant go to South America because Frances wont let him. Cohn asks him about Brett. Jake says shes getting a divorce now and is going to marry Mike Campbell, who is currently in Scotland. Cohn admits he is feeling in love with her. Jake says he met her while he was in a hospital during the war; she was a V.A.D. (Voluntary Aid Detachment; essentially, she was a volunteer nurse) and had married the man whose name she took, Ashley, after her own true love died of dysentery. Jake says she has twice married without love. Cohn feels Jake is insulting her, and they get in a small fight, which is quickly smoothed over. They leave and go back to Jakes office. AnalysisThis chapter provides exposition for Bretts character. We learn her age 34 and her romantic history, as well as the circumstances around her meeting Jake. As in his celebrated novel about WWI, A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway has chosen to have his couple meet while the man convalesces in a military hospital under the care of a nurse. This nurse-patient romantic relationship takes on a special irony in The Sun Also Rises. Aside from the fact that Brett seems an unlikely caregiver (she seems better off fighting on the front lines), the one thing Brett-as-nurse could not cure, even with her romantic interest in Jake, was his impotence. Typically in novelistic treatments of the romantic nurse-patient relationship, the rest of the mans body is wounded while his sexual organs remain intact, thus preserving his manhood. As Jake has previously observed, perhaps she only wanted him because she couldnt fully have him. Hemingway also develops further conflicts. Cohn is falling in love with Brett; this was clear enough from the dancing-club episode, and it makes sense that Cohn, lacking any kind of will, would fall for the dominant Brett. Moreover, it is revealed that Brett will marry Mike Campbell (whom they referred to in the dancing-club episode). While Jake maintains she loves Mike, she has also said she loves Jake. It is unclear if she truly does love Jake or simply enjoys toying with him. Chapter VI: Jake waits in a hotel for Brett and writes some letters. After a while she still has not shown, so he has a drink in the hotel bar, then taxis over to a caf. There, he finds a friend, Harvey Stone, who asks to borrow money. Cohn joins them, and Harvey mocks him before leaving. Jake describes Cohn in more detail, feeling he has not explained him enough. Frances joins them and asks Jake if shell come with her to another caf to talk to her. Cohn stays put. They leave and Frances confides in Jake that Cohn wants to leave her. Now she feels she is not a desirable bride for anyone else. They resolve there is nothing to be done about it, and return to Cohn. Frances reveals she is going to England to visit friends, and that Cohn is going to give her 200 hundred pounds although he originally was only going to give her 100 pounds. Jake marvels at the abuse Cohn takes. Frances cheerfully reveals more hurtful information with Jake as the audience, such as Cohns mistreatment of a secretary on his magazine, or of his sexual plans once he leaves her. Jake makes an excuse to leave, unable to take her bullying of Cohn any longer, and watches them through the window from the street. He hails a taxi to go home. Analysis: Here we see another way sex can be used as a weapon. Frances uses her knowledge of Cohns sexual motives and history of his desire for sordid affairs and of his callous treatment of the secretary to humiliate him in front of Jake. Though Jake is fully aware of the pain Cohn suffers, both as an observer and as someone who has had his fair share of romantic pain with Brett, he does not try to intervene: I did not even feel an impulse to try and stop it. Jake is irresponsible, unwilling to fix problems when he sees them, unwilling to shoulder someone elses pain because he feels he is too burdened by his own. But his irresponsibility is matched by Francess. She worries about Cohns not wanting to marry her only because she feels she is no longer marriageable. And, though she does not like children, she says she always thought she would have kids first, and then start to like them. As in F. Scott Fitzgeralds 1925 Lost Generation masterpiece, The Great Gatsby, in which Fitzgerald uses the metaphor of careless drivers to suggest the irresponsibility of the times, Hemingway subtly indicts Jake for his unrealized sympathy. It is almost worse that Jake can understand, even feel, the pain of others but, as he says to Frances, believes he is powerless: And of course there isnt anything I can do.' Chapter VII: As Jake heads to his flat, his concierge tells him Brett stopped by with a very large man, and that they will be back in an hour. Jake reads a telegram from Bill Gorton, informing him he will soon be arriving in France. After Jake showers, Brett shows up with the count. Jake reminds her she didnt show up for their date; the count explains that she was very drunk. She also explains she got in the concierges good graces by giving her 200 francs from the count. Jake goes into his room to get dressed. Brett comes in, and Jake says he loves her. Brett says she will get rid of the count, though Jake tells her not to. She leaves and returns, saying she sent the count out for champagne. Jake asks Brett if they could live together, but she says they couldnt, as she would tromper (be unfaithful to, or elude) him. She says she is going away from him tomorrow, to San Sebastian, until Mike comes back. The count returns with the champagne. They discuss titles, and the count says Brett wouldnt need one, as You got the most class of anybody I ever seen.' They make more small talk and have the champagne. The count reveals he has been in seven wars, and shows his scars on his stomach and back from arrow wounds. Brett is impressed. The count says that because he has lived very much, he can now enjoy himself so well. They eat dinner in a restaurant, then go to a crowded club. Brett tells Jake he is a bad dancer, and that Mike is the best dancer she knows. Though she says she likes Mike, she never writes him, whereas he writes her frequently. She does not know when they will get married, as it depends on when her divorce goes through. They talk with the count, then dance again. Brett tells Jake she is so miserable. Jake feels he is about to repeat something nightmarishly. They say goodbye to the count and leave. They take the counts car to her hotel, but Brett doesnt want Jake to come up with her. They kiss at her door, but Brett pushes him away twice before leaving. Jake takes the car home. Analysis: Though the count is rich, popular, and well-traveled, his ungrammatical speech belies some lack of education: You got the most class of anybody I ever seen.' No matter what ones financial state, everyone in the novel wants that particular distinction of classiness, that nobility that is somewhat separate from pure money. Even the concierge (after getting money from Brett, of course) finds Brett very prestigious, and is generally concerned with peoples families. The count also has the adventurous experience that Cohn craves. This is not merely sexual experience, but confrontations with death. However, his experiences have not destroyed him, as Jakes have. The counts wounds are merely scars, honorable war wounds he is proud to show off, while Jakes are hidden from sight, unmentionable, and considered at best funny, at worst, shameful. Ironically, though the count was pierced with arrows, a highly phallic image of penetration, Jake is the one who has been rendered impotent. We see greater evidence of irresponsibility. Brett did not show up for her date with Jake, as the count has to explain, because she was drunk. She also buys approval from the concierge with the counts money. Furthermore, she does not write Mike, though he writes her, and she says only that she is damned fond of him,' not that she is in love with him, as she has previously maintained. Her emotional state also vacillates quickly, or at least what she claims her emotional state is, and she toys with Jake. He feels he is doomed to repeat the nightmare of falling for her, then being scorned. Her word for what she would do to him, tromper, has several meanings, the most likely of which is to be unfaithful to. It also means to elude, and this may foreshadow the novels later shift into the arena of bull-fighting, as matadors elude the charging bulls. Chapter VIII: Jake does not see Brett until she returns from San Sebastian, nor does he see Cohn, who takes a trip to the country. He works extra hard in preparation for his trip at the end of June to Spain with Bill Gorton, his writer-friend. Bill visits, travels around Europe, then returns and describes his trip, which he cannot remember very well, as he was drunk for most of it. He recounts in detail an adventure with a friendly black boxer to whom he lent money. They walk out for dinner, passing a statue, as Bill flippantly jokes about taxidermy with Jake, who is more grounded. They run into Brett on the street, in a cab just back from her trip. Jake introduces her to Bill. She tells him that Mike is coming back tonight. They get in the cab and go off for a drink. They discuss Bills and Bretts respective trips. Before she leaves, she tells them to meet her and Mike tonight. They eat dinner at a restaurant packed with Americans. After, they roam the streets for a while until meeting Brett and Mike. Brett introduces Mike as an undischarged bankrupt'; he explains that his ex-partner did me in.' Mike keeps referring to Brett as a lovely piece. Jake and Bill soon leave to watch a boxing match. Analysis: The experience of travel is largely wasted on Bill because he was drunk for most of it and cannot remember it; despite the grandiose adventures the Lost Generation accumulates, much of them are drowned in a haze of alcohol. Bill is a literary party boy who exhibits the worst tendencies of Hemingways fellow Lost Generation writer, F. Scott Fitzgerald (and perhaps of Hemingway himself), wasting his literary talent on trenchant quips and raucous partying (he was directly inspired by another friend of Hemingways, though). While the modern reader may see Hemingway as a clear-cut racist for his repeated use of the word nigger, it is the slur his upper-class white characters would use (nor would they consider it a slur as we do now). If anything, his characters have a confused sense of race. They like to think of themselves as exotic and sophisticated for their association with blacks (remember Bretts waving hello to the black drummer in the dancing-club), but they never want to relinquish their status of superiority Bill can still feel he is on top, for instance, by loaning the black boxer money. Yet another statue pops up in this chapter. Evolution of Media Violence Essay Despite its showy rockets, the fiesta is less a spectacle, as the expatriates are accustomed to witnessing, and more a series of expressive rituals, Bacchanalian though they may be. The dancing, for instance, contrasts with the dancing in Paris. There, the wild dancing was either an excuse for cheap sexuality or competitiveness, as when the homosexual men dancing with Georgette threatened Jake; here, the mens dance is a dignified ceremony of unity. When Bill and Jake see the pied-piper figure leading the dancing children around, for instance, Bill cannot comprehend the mythological significance, calling him the village idiot. The fiesta is hedonistic, but its sense of ritual maintains some order. While Jake says there are no consequences in the fiesta, just as Jake and his friends feel there are none in their regular lives, it is understood that the fiesta, as a weeklong ceremony, will soon end and consequences will return. The expatriates, on the other hand, want to believe their party will never end. Even Bretts otherwise destructive sexuality is given a ritualistic bent. She is revered as a fertility goddess, given an honorary wreath of garlic (Cohns wreath may be an ironic decoration, or perhaps it signifies that even Cohn, a virtual castrated steer, is more fertile than the truly infertile Jake); seated on the wine-cask, it is as if she is the Dionysian bearer of wine, a literally fruitful goddess. The atmosphere in the fiesta is one of generosity; drinks and food are shared freely, but it has none of the competitiveness that has come when the count, or even Harris (the Englishman), bought drinks. Still, there is some financial corruption in the air; the fiesta doubles the prices of the meal at the hotel, and the man in the wine-shop is suspicious that Jake will sell the wine-skins in Bayonne. Hemingway parallels Romeros bull-fighting techniques with Bretts sexual tactics. Both characters are physically beautiful, and both are masters at their respective games. Jake provides an explicit description of Bretts sexuality in his description of Romeros bull-fighting: He dominated the bull by making him realize he was unattainable, while he prepared him for the killing. Previously, Brett had said she would tromper Jake like all the other men if they got together; while the words best meaning is to be unfaithful to, it also means to elude. Like the bull-fighter, she teases men, tricking them into thinking they can have her, then eludes them at the last moment. It is clear why Romero fascinates her; aside from his physical appeal, he appears to be the one male who could make her pursue him. She is sexually engaged in the bull-fight, and describes herself after the fight in post-coital terms: These bull-fights are hell on oneIm limp as a rag.' Romero also fits the definition of what has become known in literary criticism as a Hemingway hero. Hemingway defined a code of ethics for heroism, the most important tenet being that a brave hero exhibits grace under pressure. What this means is that in difficult situations especially mortal ones the hero handles himself assuredly and confronts the danger head-on. The bull-fighter, of course, literally faces death, and Jake admires Romero because he is authentic in his confrontation with death; he allows the bull to come as close to his body as possible, unlike the other fighters, but always remains in control. Another quality of the Hemingway hero is that he is foremost a man of action, not of intellectualization. Hemingways descriptions in this chapter, especially of the bull-fight, hone in on the action. This is not to suggest that there is a lack of analytic material here rather, this is one of the more profound sections of the novel but that the significance can be located directly in the action. When Jake says that there is an Absolute purity of line in Romeros movements, he may as well be talking about Hemingways prose, refined to its essence of action. Chapter XVI: It rains heavily during the fiesta, though the festivities and dancing continue. While Jake shaves in his room, Montoya tells him people at the Grand Hotel want Romero and Marcial Lalanda to come over for after-dinner coffee. Jake suggests he not pass the invitation on to Romero, and Montoya is pleased, as he feels foreigners could corrupt the young matador. At dinner in the hotel, Romero invites Jake to his table. They discuss the vocabulary of bull-fighting in English and Spanish. Romero, who speaks some English, tells Jake he has been fighting for three years. He is very modest when discussing his work, and promises that tomorrow he will put on a good show. Brett wants to be introduced, and they all move to a bigger table. Brett flirts with Romero; Mike, drunk and disorderly, makes disparaging comments about bull-fighting and about Bretts interest in Romero. Montoya comes into the room, but leaves when he sees Romero at Jakes table. Mike makes a toast to Romero, and Romero leaves. Mike tells Cohn his presence is not desired. Cohn is insulted, but seems to enjoy it, as well. Before Mike can fight Cohn, Jake intervenes and pulls them both outside, where it has stopped raining. Brett and Bill soon join them to watch fireworks. They finally make it to a bar with a friend of Bills from Biarritz. Mike compliments her on her appearance, and he goes outside with her and Bill. Brett tells Cohn to leave her and Jake alone, and he departs. She tells Jake she is sick of him. They go for a walk and see Cohn outside, though they evade him and walk in the quiet parts of town. Brett admits she has fallen in love with Romero. Jake urges her not to let it happen, but she says she cannot help it. She feels she has to do something, as she has lost her self-respect with the way Mike and Cohn are around her. She asks Jake to help her through this, and she suggests they go find Romero. They locate him in the caf, smoking cigars with other bull-fighters. Jake and Brett take a table, and Romero joins them. Brett reads Romeros fortune from his hand and says he will live a long time. He admits that he does not let others know he speaks English, as they would not approve. Jake leaves under the guise to find their friends, but he makes it clear it is to leave Romero and Brett alone. When he returns later on his own, they are gone. Analysis: Jake says of Cohn Im not sorry for him. I hate him, myself.' The sentence is interesting. Though he means, of course, that he himself hates Cohn, the construction also implies Jakes self-loathing he hates both him and myself. Both objects of hatred are logical and have been detailed throughout the book; Cohns suffering reminds him of his own pain, and Jake has numerous reasons to hate himself (his impotence, his irresponsibility, his shallow relationships, and his dependence on Brett). Brett, on the other hand, says she hates Cohns damned suffering.' She wants to hurt men only if their suffering does not cause her any suffering in turn; Jake is a perfect target, as he bottles up most of his pain and rarely exposes her to it. Cohn, on the other hand, is a whimpering puppy whose pathetic dependence on Brett is evident to all. While her evasive sexual tactics draw parallels to bull-fighters, she is less honest than they are; the bull-fighter knows that he will cause pain for the bull (if he is successful, of course), and accepts it, as Romero does. Romero calls the bulls his friends, but admits he must kill them before they kill him. Bretts unwillingness to admit to this defensive impulse exposes her irresponsibility. She says shes never been able to help anything. While she refers specifically to the act of falling in love, she implies that none of her emotional manipulations is under her control. Just as Jake shucks off responsibility for helping others (though he does finally intervene before Mike and Cohn spar in this chapter), she casts off responsibility for hurting others. Romero is somewhat feminine in his appearance His hand was very fine and the wrist was small but it makes him more beautiful and even more masculine, in a way. Jake, on the other hand, may appear more masculine, but he feels far more emasculated, not only for his impotence, but also for his lack of grace under pressure, his inability to follow the code of the hero. Instead of being a hero, Jake remains at the level of an aficionado. His virtual pimping off Brett to Romero underlines his status as an observer, not as a participant. He submits to Bretts desires so much that he is willing to efface his own and live vicariously through Romero. Chapter XVII: Jake finds Mike, Bill, and Bills friend, Edna, outside a bar. They have been thrown out for trying to fight the Englishmen inside. Without Bill, they make it over to the caf, where Cohn joins them and asks where Brett is. He doesnt believe that Jake doesnt know. Mike eventually says that Brett has gone off with Romero. Cohn asks Jake if its true, and when he doesnt answer, calls Jake a pimp.' They fight, and Cohn pummels Jake to the ground. He wakes up from being unconscious and learns that Cohn knocked Mike down, too. They discuss the fight and Mikes bankruptcy. Jake leaves them. Jake walks to his hotel, feeling as if everything is new to him. At the hotel, Bill tells him Cohn wants to see him. Jake reluctantly goes to Cohns room, where he sees Cohn is crying. Cohn begs Jakes forgiveness, and says hell be leaving in the morning. He says he cant take the way Brett treats him like a stranger, after they had lived together in San Sebastian. Jake says goodbye to him and goes to bed. Jakes wakes with a headache, and remembers he is supposed to show Edna the running of the bulls. At the caf, he is reassured to learn that Bill, Mike, and Edna have just left Jake had promised to take her for fear the others would pass out. He enters the crowded bull-ring and sees the bulls run in. A bull gores one man in the back. When a rocket announces the bulls have been corralled, Jake leaves. He goes to the caf and tells a waiter about the man who was gored. The waiter finds it stupid that the man was gored Just for fun.' The waiter then learns the man has died. Jake reads about him in the paper the next day, and the town has a funeral for him the day after that. Jake describes how Romero killed the bull the afternoon of the funeral. Its ear was cut off and given to Romero, who gave it to Brett. She wrapped the ear up in one of Jakes handkerchiefs and left it deep in her hotel rooms drawer. Jake lies down on his sunlit bed. His jaw is sore from Cohns punches. Bill and Mike come into his room. They tell him the bulls trampled the crowd in that mornings show. They say Edna was impressed and wanted them to go into the ring. A chambermaid brings them beer. Jake learns that after Cohn beat up him and Mike, he found Brett in Romeros room and beat up Romero badly. After Cohn had knocked Romero down many times, he said he wouldnt hit him anymore. Romero hit Cohn in the face, then fell down on the floor and threatened to kill him if he werent out of town by the morning. Brett told Cohn off until he cried and wanted to shake hands with her and Romero. When he leaned down to shake Romeros hand, Romero punched him again. Brett is now taking care of Romero. Mike tells him about Bretts unhappy relationship with Ashley (from whom she received her title), then leaves with Bill and tells the chambermaid to bring him more alcohol. Analysis: Jake quickly takes Cohns apology, several times saying so long' to him and nearly forgetting that he will be leaving in the morning. But it is not only because he cares so little for Cohn that he does nothing to console him. Perhaps Jake recognizes that Cohn is right about him that he is, indeed, a pimp and that he is deserving of the physical punishment (and if not for how he acts with Brett, then at least for Jakes passivity in helping Cohn when Mike humiliates him). There is a parallel between the man who was gored and Jake, with his own war wound; both wounds are rendered by brutish violence and seem absurd, or Just for fun,' as the waiter says. The count, too, was wounded in the back, in the same place as the gored man, but he has managed to turn it into a scar of pride. Even the dead man is given a stately funeral; Jake must live quietly with his shameful wound. However, the greater parallel with the gored man is Cohns final defeat. Like the gored man, whom no one helps, no one steps in to save Cohn from being trampled by Brett. And, again, while the gored man is given a good funeral by the town, Jakes friends hardly seem to care (Was there?' Bill responds when hearing there was a death), much like they are apathetic to Cohns departure. Ironically, only now is Cohn somewhat disillusioned; Mike believes he has been ruined' by Romeros slap in his face. Cohn represents the vestiges of pre-war idealism, chivalrously defending his true love against a fellow suitor, then wanting to shake hands honorably with his competitor. But when his chivalry is rejected by both his love and by the suitor, he understands his place in the world is over, that his romantic notions are no longer applicable. The severing of the ear somewhat resembles a castration, as well. It makes sense that Brett ends up the owner of it, as she has emasculated all the other men in her life. By discarding it, not only does she prove she is not a true aficionado of bull-fighting, but she demonstrates how little she cares about the other virtual castrations she has carried out. As with the ear, she shoves all the devastation she has created deep into a drawer. In other words, she refuses to take responsibility and witness the gruesome effects of her manipulations. She works out her guilt by tending to the sick, as Mike says and Jake knows (remember, he met her while in the hospital). Chapter XVIII: It is the last day of the fiesta and the town is packed. Brett joins Jake and company at the caf. They tell her Cohn has left, and she says Romero is badly hurt and wont leave his room, though he is still going to fight. Mike asks Brett how her boy friend' is, and tips over the table. Brett leaves with Jake. She tells him she is happy, and asks him to go to the fight with her. They go into church, as she wants to pray for Romero, but she makes them leave quickly, as she feels nervous. They return to the hotel, and Brett goes to Romeros room. Jake goes into Mikes room, and finds him looking like a death mask on the bed in the midst of empty bottles and strewn clothing. He is drunk and speaks awkwardly, then falls asleep. Jake finds Bill in his room and they eat lunch across the street, as Bill wants to slight the snotty German headwaiter. After lunch, they go to the bull-ring with Brett and sit ring-side. They watch as everything is prepared for the fight. Jake watches the three matadors Romero, Marcial, and Belmonte through the binoculars. The President arrives to start the festivities. Romero, his face swollen, hands his sword-handler his cape; it is in turn handed to Brett. Belmonte, a recently unretired legend, renowned for working close to the bull and gravely endangering himself, goes first and is very good. However, he is not as good as he used to be, nor does he place himself in as great danger, and disappoints the crowd until they turn against him. Jake relates that Belmonte came out of retirement to compete against lesser talents like Marcial, but that Romero has overshadowed him. Romero, Jake believes, has the greatness, and he works in front of Brett that afternoon as much as he can, though he never looks up at her. Jake describes the first quite, in which the bull makes a charge for a picador, then at each of the three matadors in turn. Romero is last, and he evades the bull as the picador stabs the bulls shoulder. Then Romero pulls the bull out and beautifully evades him several times. With his own bull, whose vision is impaired, Romero works to make the match exciting. The crowd does not understand his technique, however, and believes he is afraid. Romero stabs the bull with his sword, then talks to it before it dies. He brilliantly handles the last bull, the one that gored the man the other day, building up to a suspenseful climax in which he kills the bull on his own terms. His brother cuts the ear off the bull and hands it to Romero, who shows it to the President, then gives it to Brett. He says a few things to Brett, then returns to the adoring crowd. Jake, Brett, and Bill return to the hotel; Brett goes upstairs, and the men drink in the dining-room. Belmonte enters with his manager and two other men and eats at the next table before they all take a train to Barcelona. Belmonte is silent and does not eat much. Jake and Bill go to the caf for some absinthe. While Jake gets very drunk, they discuss Cohn, the end of the fiesta, and Bills depression. Jake leaves for Bretts room, where he finds Mike, who tells him Brett left with Romero on the train. Jake goes into his room and lies on his bed. He pretends to be asleep when Bill and Mike come in. He comes down later and eats with them, though it seems as though about six people were missing. Analysis: Hemingway draws his final and most detailed parallels between bull-fighting and sexuality in this chapter. Jake resembles the bull with impaired vision; while he still goes for Brett, he is not at full capacity and can never gore her, in the sense that the piercing of a bull or of a matador with a sword or horns symbolizes sexual penetration. Not only can Romero penetrate Brett and bulls alike, he is also a master of foreplay; the crowd begs for him to continue fighting rather than consummate the fight with the climactic penetration: each pass as it reached the summit gave you a sudden ache inside. Whereas before the matador seemed like the elusive female, here Jakes description casts the spectators as the symbolically receptive female and the matador as the dominant, penetrative male. Romero is even more of a Hemingway hero for working while injured, for his grace under pressure. Moreover, he makes the match with the vision-impaired bull more exciting, although the ignorant audience does not appreciate it. Jake, while not a hero but a mere aficionado, at least can appreciate Romeros work; he may be an observer (his use of the binoculars makes this very clear), but at least he is astute. Belmontes decline mirrors the Lost Generations disillusionment; though they are the young generation, their values have similarly decayed since the war, and they must feel aged beyond their years. The chapter maintains this sensation of decline; the fiesta ends, Mikes relationship with Brett appears to be over, and Jake recognizes that their group feels diminished. Additionally, Hemingway seems to provide a synopsis of his own prose style when Jake describes Romeros technique: There were no tricks and no mystifications. Like Romero, Hemingway moves close to his subject, but eschews flashiness in favor of honest, authentic writing. Chapter XIX: The fiesta is over the next morning. Jake walks through the empty streets to the caf. Bill joins him. The three men want to go in different directions; Jakes is San Sebastian. He and Bill plan to get a car and they will all drive together to Bayonne. They drive out to Bayonne, where Bill buys a train ticket for that night to Paris. They drive to Biarritz and have several drinks. They roll dice to see who pays, and Mike keeps losing until he gives Bill his last twenty francs. Bill offers to cash him a check, but since Mike cannot write checks, he turns it down; he says he has some money coming to him and can survive. He tells Bill that Brett has very little money, if any. They drive around, almost back to the mountains to Pamplona, then to the hotel Mike is staying at in Saint Jean. They say goodbye to him, then drive Bill to catch his train. Jake asks the driver to drive him to a hotel, and he takes the same room he had when he was in Bayonne with Bill and Cohn. He regrets not having gone to Paris with Bill, though he is looking forward to the quiet relaxation of San Sebastian. He has a good dinner in the hotel, and tips the waiter well; Jake appreciates being back in a country where money helps smooth over conflicts. Jake leaves on the morning train for San Sebastian and takes a hotel room. He resets his watch, as he has regained an hour by returning to Spain. He wires his office and tells them to forward wires to him. He swims in the afternoon at the beach, diving several times. He has a drink outside on the street, then returns to the hotel for dinner, where bicyclists stopping over from a race crowd the dining room. Jake talks with one of the team managers after dinner and discusses bicycling. The man invites him to see them off early tomorrow morning, and Jake says he will try to make it. Jake oversleeps and misses the bicyclists. He swims again in the morning and suns on a raft. Back at the hotel, he receives a telegram forwarded from Paris from Brett in Madrid, saying she is in trouble and asking him to come to her hotel. He receives another telegram with the same message, forwarded from Pamplona. He tells the concierge to get him a ticket to Madrid that night. He sends a telegram to her, announcing his arrival. Jake arrives in Madrid on the overnight train. He reaches her hotel and asks for Brett. After some delays, he finds her room. She is happy to see him and kisses him, though he feels she is thinking of something else. She says she made Romero leave yesterday. She says he was ashamed of her, and that he wanted her to grow her hair long. He tried to give her money, she says, but she couldnt. He also wanted to marry her so that she couldnt go away from him.' Ultimately, she feels she could have lived with him had she not seen it would be bad for him. Brett cries, and Jake holds her. She says she is returning to Mike, and claims she will not become one of those bitches.' They leave the hotel and find the bill has already been paid. They get train tickets for that night and have a drink at a hotel bar. Brett discusses Romero some more. They have lunch and drink a great deal, though Brett cautions Jake against getting drunk. They decide to go for a taxi ride through Madrid. Jake holds her in the taxi. Brett laments that she and Jake could have had such a damned good time together.' The car slows and approaches a policeman directing traffic, and Jake replies, YesIsnt it pretty to think so?' Analysis: The end of fiesta heralds the end of the equally hedonistic period now known as Roaring Twenties; though Hemingway in 1926 obviously could not have predicted the stock markets crash in 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression, he does seem to warn America that their party will soon end. We have hope that with the end of the fiesta, Jake may finally be returning to his pre-war values, and may be casting off his hedonistic lifestyle. He regains an hour when going to San Sebastian, and symbolically goes back in time, as well; his repeated dives in the water represent a symbolic baptism of sorts. Again, nature helps regenerate him. However, Jake has not come so far; he irresponsibly oversleeps to see the bicyclists off, and when he receives the pleading telegram from Brett, he quickly returns to his submissive behavior that overthrows whatever values and self-esteem he holds. In ways, Jake is more pathetic than Cohn; at least Cohn followed Brett around of his own volition, while Jake seems more independent but is truly at Bretts beck and call. Her behavior should be infuriating to him she pulls him over to Madrid only so they can leave again together, she keeps saying she does not want to speak about Romero anymore, then talks more about him (even though it probably causes Jake more pain than herself), and she tells Jake she is returning to Mike. But Jake accepts it so long as he still has a chance with her, or even so long as he can stay in her presence. Oddly, Brett also proves herself to be a pathetic figure here. While she dominates the men in her life, she is also dependent on them dependent on them for their submission to her. Moreover, though she gets rid of Romero because he was trying to make her into a more subservient, feminine figure, she also expresses worries about becoming one of those bitches that ruins children. The great irony of the novel is that Brett is perhaps most dependent on Jake. She needs him because he gives her constant worship without risk of his ever dominating her, as they cannot have a functional sexual relationship. He is the bull she continually eludes and wounds, but who keeps coming back for more punishment. Their cab ride is similar to the one they took in Paris in Chapter IV, in which she toyed with Jake, alternating between intimacy and distance. We can imagine that soon after her final line to Jake about the relationship that might have been, she will resume talking about Romero, or Mike, or even Cohn. Jakes final line is rich with irony. As the taxi slows at the policemans raised baton possibly a symbol of Jakes struggle with impotence and how it bars him from advancing with Brett he seems to recognize that while it would, indeed, be nice to be with her, the somewhat caustic tone of the word pretty' suggests he finally understands that Brett has no idea how much pain he has been through, both from her and his impotence; pretty' is such an insubstantial word. While Jake ends the novel on a highly disillusioned note, breaking from all his friends rather unceremoniously and recognizing he has misplaced his love in Brett, perhaps this is what he needs to regain his lost self, and perhaps this utter disillusionment is what must impel the Lost Generation or a future generation to rise again.

Othello- Emilia, Desdemona Relationship Essay Example

Othello- Emilia, Desdemona Relationship Essay Emilia Desdemona Relationship In the play Othello, by William Shakespeare, there are two major feminine figures that attract our attention. One is the wife of the plays tragic hero-Othello; the other is betrothed to one of the greatest villains of all time-Iago. They are part and parcel of what goes on in the play and eventually how the crisis of the play is resolved. These two females of the play can be compared and contrasted in a number of ways. To begin, both Desdemona and Emilia are the wives of men of action. Their husbands are in the Venetian military and not Just ordinary men but men who hold positions nd value. Desdemona is the wife of Othello who is a General in the army with men under his command. Emilias husband is Iago who is the ancient of Othello. Next, the two ladies exhibit a level of ignorance of the plots in play around them. Unknowingly both Desdemona and Emilia play right into lagds master plan of destruction. Desdemona and Emilia are also loyal wives who want to please their husbands. Othello believes that Desdemona is lewd and unchaste; therefore Desdemona wants to appease his worries concerning her loyalty by reassuring him, thus pleasing him. Desdemona affirms: l never did Offend you in my life; never loved Cassio But with such general warranty of heaven As I might love. I never gave him token. She is veracious in saying that she has not cheated on Othello with Cassio, therefore proving to him that she is loyal. Similarly, Emilia is Just as loyal to Iago as Desdemona is to Othello. When Emilia finds Desdemonas handkerchief she remembers that her husband had asked her to give it to him. l am glad I have found this napkin My wayward husband hath a hundred times Wooed me to steal it I nothing, but to please his fantasy. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello- Emilia, Desdemona Relationship specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Othello- Emilia, Desdemona Relationship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Othello- Emilia, Desdemona Relationship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For that reason, instead of giving it back to her mistress right away, Emilia gave it to Iago with the goal in mind of pleasing him. Emilias actions thus reinforce her loyalty to Iago. Emilia and Desdemona do differ in perspective. The major contrast of the two womens attitude towards men and marriage come is highlighted when they discuss adultery. In this respect, we can see Emilia as a modern woman, a feminist before her time. Desdemona can be perceived as being old fashioned and idealistic who is votary at the shrine of love. Emilias opinion about men is expressed in the following lines: They are all but stomachs, and we all but food; They eat us hungrily, and when they are full, They belch us. Emilia and Desdemonas view on faithless wives differ as well. To Desdemona, unchaste is unthinkable. But Emilia knows there are faithless wives and she feels that she can explain why some wives fail in chastity. Emilia expresses her belief in equality. Her worldliness becomes evident as she says she may be willing to transgress the bounds of virtue, if the whole world is offered as a price. Her ultimate conclusion on such contradictory ideals is that the bad behavior of a woman is only a eflection of her husbands behavior. The difference in their use of language indicates the disparities between the womens characters. Desdemonas speech is gentle, courteous and refined. When Othello abuses her faithlessness, she is unable to argue or expostulate with him. Even in the face of death, Desdemonas language remains spiritual: No, by my life and soul! Emilia has a rough and ready tongue. She uses her language to defy the fear of death: l care not for thy sword; As Emilias anger raises her language becomes direct and coarse: He called her a whore; Emilia eels no embarrassment in pronouncing the word Whore which Desdemona shrinks from uttering. The view of both women to their husbands takes different paths at the end of the play. Desdemona continues to love her husband even though he has fatally smothered her. Desdemona acts saintly blaming her death on herself: Nobody; I myself; Farewell: She does not alter her love even in the face of irrational passion. In this way, Desdemona exemplifies romantic love. Emilia was loyal and devoted to her husband. At the shocking discovery of the truth, Emilias view of her husband is shattered. Her realisation is made worse because of the part she took in it. She is a symbol of Justice as she puts her mistresss good name before her own. Emilia is heroic in the face of death as she passes Judgment on her husband: may his pernicious soul/ Rot half a grain a day! The greatest similarity between Desdemona and Emilia is that their husbands murdered them both. Their downfall was undoubtedly their love and faith in their husbands and their trust of Iago. Both womens good qualities were used against them and led to their murder; Desdemonas generosity and compassion and Emilias sense of Justice and devotion.

The Representation of Valuable or Treasured Objects in Fantasy Novels

The Representation of Valuable or Treasured Objects in Fantasy Novels There has always been a place for valuable objects in people’s minds; indeed, the material assets of the human world have allowed to define the value of a number of things, finally leading to the invention of money. Being one of the most important material elements in the human world, valuable objects, therefore, have been mentioned or referred to in a number of human creations and works of art, one of which is literature.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Representation of Valuable or Treasured Objects in Fantasy Novels specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that the representations of valuable or treasured objects in Beowulf, Milton’s Paradise Lost, Spencer’s Faerie Queene, and Pope’s Rape of the Lock are completely different from each other, the three still offer a common idea about the place which these valuable or treasured objects take in people’s lives, which makes a common thread in all three poems. To start with, the representation of the treasured and valuable objects in Beowulf is rather obvious from the very start of the poem; it is obvious that the characters focus on the secular values. The latter can be considered the result of paganism, the belief which all characters of Beowulf hold to from the very start of the poem. However, as the novel progresses, the beliefs of the character change in a rather radical manner; as Hill explains, the characters are gradually converted from pagans to Christians, which causes a drastic change in the assessment of their values. However, as Hill explains, the characters of Beowulf are not to be judged harshly because of the fact that low values were a standard for them: â€Å"We look back, then, to days when kings of the Spear-Danes were great, when one could say that they were good, rather than to a time when inadequate values were embraced† (Hill 5). Therefore, it can be considered that Hill discusses moral values of the time in which Beowulf was written than the actual valuable items (McMillen). Moreover, Hill actually makes a connection between time and timeless values in his argument: Without breaking the past-tense framework of his narrative, the poet repeatedly asserts the continuity of time and values between his present and a heroic past that steadily moves from a deep past to those bleak anticipations of a violent future near poem’s end. (Hill 7)Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To be more exact, in the heroic past, which can be also referred to as the pagan times, the characters of the poem attributed all their deeds either to themselves and their strength, skills, power, intelligence, etc.: â€Å"the poet places a Ruler and a Judge of the deeds of each man† (Hill 10), or to the hand of doom. Meanwhile, in th e period referred to as the Christian one, the characters start attributing the major events to the power of God: â€Å"Happy events testify to God’s benign rule. When referred to God, fateful events are signatures of his judgment. God’s dom cannot be changed by men now any more than it could then† (Hill 8). Hence, the hero ethics dissolves into the appraisal of the supernatural powers, making the characters plunge into the realm of Christianity and its specific humble ethics. It is quite different with the ideas offered by Milton in his Paradise Lost. However, before developing an argument about Milton’s poem and the interpretation of valuable objects that it offers to the readers, it is necessary to consider some of the issues raised on Odell’s article concerning the understanding of the eulogy which Dryden wrote addressing Milton’s untimely death. Odell’s article on Milton revolves around a different reading of the epigram, which, as the author emphasizes, makes even more sense than the original interpretation. According to Odell, the fact that the eulogy which Dryden created and which honored Milton is aimed at wiping the latter from people’s memory as a writer who belonged to a particular period in time and establishing him as a transhistorical writer can and must be argued. As Milton explains, there is not a single trace of an attempt to make Milton a timeless classic in Dryden’s eulogy; hence, Odell suggests a different reading of the eulogy. As Odell explains, â€Å"he was canonized authoritatively by John Dryden (poet laureate of Great Britain, 1668–88), in his eulogy often entitled ‘Epigram on Milton’ (Odell 159). Even from the very start of the article, one can see evidently that Odell prefers to interpret the epigram in a slightly different way from the original one; the very word â€Å"canonized†, with its irony, rings certain dissatisfaction about the curre nt opinion on the eulogy and its meaning.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Representation of Valuable or Treasured Objects in Fantasy Novels specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, Odell clarifies that the existing interpretation of Dryden’s eulogy is not the only one possible and by far not the most sensible one. As Odell states, Marcie Frank offers a new but out of context reading of â€Å"Epigram† as partial evidence that, for Dryden, â€Å"criticism† is â€Å"an identification in which one has to efface the historical individual in order to make an ‘author’- a figure with whom one can identify in order to be a critic† (Odell 159) Hence, Odell makes it clear that the eulogy which Dryden wrote to honor Milton might aim not at making the latter a transhistorical author, but to compare Milton to such ancient authors as Virgil and Homer. Again, the above-0men tioned Ð °Ã' Ã µdoes not mean that Dryden places Milton together with these two; the entire eulogy is only about the comparison between these authors and showing that there are certain common things in their writing. When it comes to discussing the major theme that is raised in Lewis’s The Faerie Queene, Lewis’s article is the first thing that comes to one’s mind. Offering rather original ideas concerning the poem’s interpretation and the ideas implied in the poem context in a very subtle way, Lewis makes an interesting statement concerning the poem and the author: â€Å"The moralizing poems to his cantos, which sounds so characteristically Spenserian, are in accordance with the regular practice of Boiardo and Ariosto† (60). Hence, Lewis defines the moral and the philosophical in the allegories created by Spenser in his poem. It is essential that Lewis specifies the two key virtues which Spenser emphasizes most in his poem; to be more exact, Lew is pays a lot of attention to the way in which Lewis describes such issues as the Holiness and the Chastity. However, Lewis makes it clear that the focus of the poem is still on Love, while Holiness and Chastity complete the former, making it worth fighting for:Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The subjects of these two books are respectively Chastity and Friendship, but we are justified in treating them as a single book on the subject of love. Chastity, in the person of Britomart, turns out to mean not virginity but virtuous love: and friends are found to be merely â€Å"another sort of lovers† in the Temple of Venus. (Lewis 90) Back to the issue of the morality and philosophical dilemmas which Spenser discussed in his poem, according to Lewis’s opinion, one must mention that Spenser’s poem offers â€Å"popular, homely, patriotic associations† (Lewis 60) to the readers, therefore, creating the realm of family values and the idea of hearth and home in the poem. In the given context, Lewis’s interpretation of Spenser’s Queene Faire sounds more than reasonable. Finally, the argument in Pope’s Rape of the Lock is worth another close consideration. One of Pope’s most famous works, it is also the most sophisticated one and the one that is filled with a lot of hidden innuendoes. Analyzing his work, Kathleen McConnell has come across a range of peculiar facts which are truly worth being presented to the public. According to McConnell, there is a common thread that links the given work and such famous stories as the tales about Pygmalion and the movie Artificial Intelligence. As McConnell explains, the thing that links these pieces of art is the idea of redemption. Judging by the fact that McConnell makes examples of three works one of which belongs to the sphere of classic literature, another one to the realm of myths, and the last one belongs to the popular culture, one must assert that the key idea of McConnell’s article is that Pope’s poem is nowadays ranked as something belonging to popular culture as well and is consumed as a mass product. On the one hand, the idea that something as timeless as Pope’s poems can be considered a product of mass consumption and an element of the present-day popular culture must seem absurd. However, as McConnell’s argument cadence continues, one starts realizing that there is actually a strong point that Kathleen makes in the course of the argument, and, to one’s sheer amazement, McConnell’s idea proves completely right: â€Å"the stories of Pygmalion, ‘The Rape of the Lock,’ and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have the social redemption of an outcast in common, though the nature of the outcast is different in each† (McConnell 683). However, it is not the fact of Pope’s poem being a mass product for the popular culture that makes McConnell’s argument so enticing; it is rather the string of arguments that the author provides to prove her pint that thrills and makes one hyped for a debate. Indeed, even though it is highly unlikable for something as grandeur as Pope’s poems to become an element of popular culture, it is rather peculiar to understand what an average rea der, the adept of pop culture, can possibly find for his/her mind in such a poem as, for example, Pope’s Rape of the Lock. McConnell’s detailed analysis of the given fact is what makes the article a really thrilling read. According to McConnell, the fact of objectification, which exists both in The Rape of the Lock and AI, makes both a peculiar artwork for the audience to be thrilled with: â€Å"The two situations – the uncanny humanizing of an object and the canny objectification of a human – exist side by side in the relationship of ‘‘child’’ David and its ‘mother’ Monica in AI.† (McConnell 684). Indeed, there is a fact of objectification in The Rape of the Lock: Though not an object per se, Arabella Fermor, the historical inspiration for Pope’s satirized heroine â€Å"Belinda,† was objectified, in that she was appreciated as an item of exchange value; far from re-humanizing Arabella, Pope†™s caricature craftily objectifies her. (McConnell 684) In addition, the idea of gambling in the poem can be considered as an interpretation of the object value in The Rape of the Lock (Walls). Analyzing the arguments introduced above, one must admit that there are certain similarities between the four articles in question. Both touch upon certain values and the way people interpret them. However, while in Rape of the Lock, the value of a human personality is considered through objectification, in Faerie Queene, moral values are the focus of the work. Likewise, Paradise Lost offers some food for thoughts about morality, along with Beowulf, which focuses on honor of a warrior in particular. Hence, it can be concluded that there are considerable differences between the ways in which the treasured or valuable objects are represented in Beowulf, Milton’s Paradise Lost, Spencer’s Faerie Queene, and Pope’s Rape of the Lock. Since each of the poems conveys a specific and unique idea, the representation of valuable objects in each appears to be quite different from the other ones. However, when it comes to discovering the key message which these representations convey, one will inevitably figure out that all of the three representations serve to convey the same idea. To be more exact, the three poems make it clear that valuable objects in people’s lives actually worth nothing. While these objects have no intrinsic value of their own, people endow the ostensibly treasured things with all the values possible, which all the three poems address at certain points. Once again making it clear that aesthetic and moral values are much more important than the monetary ones, the authors offer peculiar and surprisingly non-preachy works, which makes them pretty timeless. Hill, John M. â€Å"Beowulf, Value, and the Frame of Time.† Modern Language  Quarterly 40.1 (1979): 3-18. Print. Lewis, C. S. â€Å"The Faerie Queene.† In Spensers C ritics: Changing Currents in  Literary Taste. Ed. William R. Mueller. New York, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1959. 206-232. Print. McConnell, Kathleen. â€Å"Creating People for Popular Consumption: Echoes Of Pope’s ‘The Rape of the Lock’ in Artificial Intelligence: AI.† Journal Of Popular Culture 40.4 (2007): 683-699. Print. McMillen 14 May 2007, A Bloody Enterprise: The Power of Treasure over Men  in Beowulf. Web. Odell, David. â€Å"Drydens ‘Epigram on Milton’: A New Reading Questioned.† Explicator 68.3 (2010): 159-168. Print. Walls, Kathryn. â€Å"A Question of Competence: The Card Game in Popes ‘The Rape of the Lock’. A Response to Oliver R.Baker.† Connotations. 19.1-3 (2009/2010): 229-237. Print.